This is the first in a set of three articles on comparing Islam to Talmidaism:
1. The main differences between Moderate Islam and Talmidaism
2. The main differences between Extremist Islamism and Talmidaism
3. Is the Personality and Character of Allah the same as that of YHVH?
As always, I need to point out that criticism of any religion should never lead Talmidis to hate people belonging to other religions (“Love your neighbour as yourself“). Hatred, and indeed vengeful acts, do not serve God’s righteous purpose. The points outlined in this article are not my own, but collected and stated by ChatGPT. If you feel that any points are factually incorrect, please let me know ( shmuliq.parzal@googlemail.com )
Article 1: What are the main differences between the beliefs, principles and ethical values of Moderate Islam, and those of Talmidaism?
For the sake of impartiality, I asked ChatGPT to list the main differences between Moderate Islam and Talmidaism. I wanted to understand the mindset of what is considered normative Islam in contradistinction to fundamentalist Islam. I found that a lot of the beliefs between the two forms of Islam were basically the same, with the exception that Moderate Muslims often ‘don’t say the quiet part out loud’ – that is, they may believe certain things that extremist Muslims also believe, but do not actually act upon those beliefs, or carry them to their originally-intended conclusion (as conceived by Mohammad).
The most notable difference is that in Talmidaism, Followers are encouraged to develop a close personal relationship with YHVH; in Islam, no such equivalent relationship is permitted to exist between Allah and the individual Muslim. In Talmidaism, YHVH cares most about the inner righteousness of the heart and mind; in Islam, what matters most is obedient submission to Allah’s will without question. Most Muslims also believe that Islam is perfect and 100% true; in Talmidaism, that distinction belongs only to YHVH, not to any religion.
As originally conceived, Islam was intended to be a method of totalitarian political and social control over conquered populations. Consequently, Moderate Muslims have to heavily reinterpret the Quran (the words of Allah) and the Hadiths (the words of Mohammad) in order to make Islam sound more moderate.
There is therefore a serious tension within Islam between the coercive, legal, and militant material found in the belligerent Medinan suras, and the ethical standards emphasised by Moderate Muslims. Fundamentalist and extremist Muslims tend to follow the Quran and Mohammad’s post-Meccan teachings more literally, faithfully and consistently, while Moderate Muslims rely on excessive reinterpretation, narrow contextualisation, and selective filtering to make Islam more peaceful. Moderation in Islam requires putting a significant distance from foundational parts of its original, classical textual tradition.
ChatGPT’s answer:
Below is a clear, comparative, non-polemical outline of the main differences between moderate Islam and Talmidaism, focusing on beliefs, principles, and ethical values rather than politics or extremism. I will describe each tradition as its adherents would broadly recognise it, while remaining analytically honest.
1. The Nature of God and Relationship with God
Moderate Islam
Allah is absolutely sovereign, transcendent, and incomparable. The human–Allah relationship is primarily one of submission (islām), obedience, and accountability. Questioning Allah’s decrees is generally discouraged, even when expressed emotionally; proper posture before Allah is humility and obedient compliance. Allah’s mercy is dependent on obediently following Allah’s commands; Allah’s mercy is always accompanied by fear of judgement.
Talmidaism
YHVH is sovereign and transcendent, yet relational and morally engaged with human beings. Questioning YHVH, arguing with YHVH, lamenting before YHVH, and even protesting divine action are legitimate and sometimes faithful responses (as seen in Abraham, Moses, Job, Jeremiah, and David in the Psalms). Covenant implies dialogue, not mere submission; love, trust, and moral wrestling are central.
Key difference: obedient submission versus covenantal dialogue.
2. Revelation and Sacred Texts
Moderate Islam
The Quran is understood as the final, perfect, and uncreated word of Allah, revealed verbatim. Mohammad is the final prophet, and no later correction, reinterpretation, or moral development can override Quranic teaching. Earlier scriptures are respected in theory, but regarded as corrupted in practice.
Talmidaism
The Miqra (Hebrew Bible) is sacred scripture, but it is read as prophetic, dialogical, and ethically developmental. Revelation unfolds through history, human response matters, and interpretation is essential. No human figure closes revelation permanently; moral understanding deepens as humanity grows in responsibility.
Key difference: fixed final revelation versus unfolding ethical revelation.
3. Law, Ethics, and Moral Reasoning
Moderate Islam
Sharia is divinely revealed law. While interpretation (fiqh) exists, the law is final and ultimately precedes moral reasoning: something is good because Allah commanded it. Ethical obedience is measured largely by conformity to prescribed duties.
Talmidaism
Torah is divine instruction, but ethics precede ritual and law. Law exists to serve life, justice, compassion, and human dignity. Moral reasoning, conscience, and context matter deeply; legalism that harms people is explicitly condemned.
“The Sabbath was made for humankind, not humankind for the Sabbath.” (Mark 2:27)
Key difference: law as supreme versus law as the servant of ethical life.
4. The Role of Conscience and Dissent
Moderate Islam
Conscience is valued to an extent, but public dissent from core religious teachings is often seen as dangerous to communal stability. Blasphemy (speaking against Allah or criticising Mohammad), apostasy (leaving Islam), and public criticism of Islam remain morally problematic even where not legally enforced.
Talmidaism
Conscience is sacred. Dissent, internal criticism, and even public protest are part of the prophetic tradition. Loyalty to YHVH may require speaking against religious authorities, kings, or the community itself when any injustice occurs.
Key difference: communal protection versus prophetic dissent.
5. Human Dignity and Equality
Moderate Islam
All humans are created by Allah, but religious hierarchy remains real: Muslims have a higher religious status than non-Muslims; men and women have different roles and rights; status of non-Muslims affects legal and social standing (even when treated kindly).
Talmidaism
All human beings are created in the image of God (tzélem Elohim), without qualification. Moral worth does not depend on belief, gender, ethnicity, religion, or social status. Legal distinctions never override basic human dignity.
Key difference: qualified equality versus intrinsic universal dignity of all human life.
6. Salvation and the Afterlife
Moderate Islam
Salvation depends on faith in Allah and Mohammad, repentance and Allah’s mercy, and obedience to Allah and Mohammad. Salvation-assurance is discouraged; fear and hope are held in constant tension. One’s final state of salvation is largely unknown in life, given only at judgement.
Talmidaism
The focus is overwhelmingly on faithful living in this world, not on securing the afterlife (since all human beings eventually get to heaven, and the overwhelming majority of good people will achieve blessedness with YHVH). Trust in YHVH’s mercy and forgiveness is strong, and anxiety over salvation is discouraged. YHVH’s justice is restorative rather than primarily punitive.
Key difference: salvation-oriented obedience versus life-oriented faithfulness.
7. Attitude to Power and the State
Moderate Islam
Religion and governance are ideally integrated. While abuses are criticised, nevertheless the idea that Sharia law and Islamic state both reflect divine guidance remains strong.
Talmidaism
Suspicion of power is built into the tradition. Kings, priests, and institutions are constantly critiqued by prophets. No state or ruler is presumed righteous by virtue of religiosity or their social position.
Key difference: sacralised governance versus prophetic restraint of power.
8. Attitude to Other Religions
Moderate Islam
Other monotheists are tolerated and respected as “People of the Book,” but Islam is seen as the final and superior correction of their traditions. Polytheism and Atheism are religiously false – since Islam is the only fully correct and true path before Allah, but hold that non-Muslims should be treated with basic human dignity and (where possible) peaceful coexistence.
Talmidaism
Other paths to God are legitimate and meaningful. Gentiles are not expected to become Jews or even Yahwists; righteousness is not exclusive to Israel. Any non-Yahwist Gentile can still live a righteous life and be acceptable before YHVH (who is God of all Nations).
Key difference: corrective supersession versus pluralist covenantal purpose.
9. Purpose of the Religious Community
Moderate Islam
The ummah (the worldwide community of Islam) exists to preserve faith, obedience, and moral order as defined by revelation.
Talmidaism
Israel exists to be a light to the nations, modelling justice, compassion, restraint of power, and ethical responsibility for the benefit of all humanity.
Key difference: preservation of correct belief versus moral exemplar for humanity.
10. View of Yeshua (Jesus of Nazareth)
Moderate Islam
Yeshua (ʿĪsā) is regarded as an important prophet, born miraculously, but not crucified, not rejected by his people, and not allowed to suffer humiliation. His life is reshaped to fit later Islamic theology, and his ethical teaching is not central.
Talmidaism
Yeshua is a Jewish human teacher and prophet, deeply rooted in the Miqra and Israel’s prophetic tradition. His ethical teaching is central and authoritative, especially regarding mercy, justice, repentance, inner integrity, compassion, and living YHVH’s ways.
Difference: A reinterpreted prophet versus a historically Jewish ethical teacher.
11. Understanding of Messiah
Moderate Islam
The concept of ‘messiah‘ is secondary. The Mahdi (an end-times messiah-like figure) and Yeshua function primarily as eschatological agents involved in end-time events, judgement, and the defeat of enemies.
Talmidaism
The Messiah of David is a human leader raised by YHVH at the appropriate time of YHVH’s choosing, to restore justice and covenantal faithfulness to Israel, and rebuild the Temple. The messiah does not suspend moral responsibility or usher in salvation by force (and YHVH remains the Sovereign Ruler of humanity, not any messiah).
Difference: apocalyptic instrument versus ethical restorer.
12. Finality of Prophecy
Moderate Islam
Mohammad is the final prophet, and no further prophetic correction or challenge is possible or tolerated. This closes the door to any and all prophetic critique of the religion itself.
Talmidaism
Prophecy is not ‘closed’ in a rigid sense. While classical prophecy belongs to the biblical period, prophetic conscience and moral critique remain alive in every generation into perpetuity.
Difference: sealed authority versus ongoing prophetic responsibility.
13. Role of Moral Progress
Moderate Islam
Moral norms are permanently fixed in revelation. Later generations may interpret them, but cannot morally advance beyond the original framework ordained by Allah in the Quran.
Talmidaism
Moral responsibility deepens over time, as society and humanity grow and evolve. YHVH expects humanity to grow in ethical maturity, compassion, and restraint as knowledge and capacity increase.
Difference: static morality versus moral development and evolution.
14. View of Heaven and the Afterlife
Moderate Islam
Heaven (Jannah) is described in highly concrete, sensory terms, and motivation often includes reward and punishment imagery. Heaven is a paradise, a pleasure garden of delight (e.g. Quran 44:54; 52:20; 55; 56).
Talmidaism
The afterlife is deliberately under-defined (there are no required beliefs about the afterlife). Focus remains on the mission of repairing, improving and evolving this world to something higher, in order to fulfil God‘s Kingdom. Speculation about reward is secondary to faithfulness and trust in YHVH’s justice and mercy.
Difference: detailed reward focus versus ethical reserve.
15. Central Religious Motivation
Moderate Islam
Religion is motivated by a balance of obedience, fear of judgement, and hope for mercy.
Talmidaism
Religion is motivated primarily by love of YHVH, love of neighbour, and covenantal responsibility, with fear (that is, being afraid and in dread) playing a very minimal role (the Hebrew word yirah is more properly translated as ‘reverential awe’ – so ‘fear of YHVH’ should be, ‘reverential awe of YHVH).
Difference: obedience- and fear-centred faith versus love- and awe-centred faith.
16. Attitude Toward Doubt
Moderate Islam
Doubt is often treated as a spiritual danger to be suppressed or overcome quickly.
Talmidaism
Doubt is permitted and even honoured as part of striving for honest faith. Questioning God does not sever one’s relationship with God.
Difference: doubt as threat versus doubt as engagement.
17. Treatment of Religious Outsiders
Moderate Islam
Non-Muslims may be treated kindly, but their status still matters for religious standing and, in many interpretations, for legal or social hierarchy (Muslims are considered superior to non-Muslims).
Talmidaism
Righteousness among the nations is fully recognised. Gentiles are not spiritually inferior, nor expected to convert.
Difference: merely tolerated ‘other’, versus fully valid other.
18. Sacred Language and Criticism
Moderate Islam
Criticism of the Quran, Mohammad, or core doctrines is often seen as inherently offensive or destabilising.
Talmidaism
Sacred texts and traditions are argued with, debated, and challenged, including by faithful insiders.
Difference: protection of sanctity versus sanctity through wrestling.
19. Ultimate Religious Aim
Moderate Islam
The aim is the preservation of correct belief and obedience within the ummah.
Talmidaism
The aim is the ethical transformation of human life and world society, so that the world increasingly reflects YHVH’s justice, compassion, and peace through the words and actions of religious human beings.
Difference: preservation of faith versus repair of the world (tikkun olam).
20. Concept of Religious Authority and Interpretation
Moderate Islam
Religious authority ultimately rests in the correct transmission and interpretation of revelation through recognised scholars (ʿulamaʾ), legal schools, and chains of authority. While disagreement exists, legitimacy depends heavily on continuity with established interpretive traditions and consensus (ijmāʿ).
Talmidaism
Religious authority is distributed and dialogical rather than centralised. Interpretation arises through reasoned debate, ethical conscience, lived experience, and continual engagement with the Miqra and tradition. No authority is beyond question, and minority or dissenting views may later be recognised as morally superior.
Difference: hierarchical–scholastic authority versus covenantal, debate- and reason-centred authority.
Summary: In One Sentence
Moderate Islam is structured around submission to a final, fixed revelation, communal preservation, and obedience-centred piety.
Talmidaism is structured around covenantal responsibility and dialogue, prophetic ethics lived out in ongoing history, moral reasoning and growth, and striving for the wellbeing of all humanity, regardless of religion.